Monte Carlo has been applied to insurance products or asset liability management by Boyle, Brender, Brown, Craighead, Embrechts, Fitton, Hancock, , Hardy, Manistre, and Panjer in numerous papers and actuarial studies to name but a few. It has been used to set Segregated Fund Guarantee regulations in Canada. It has been used for interpreting CARVM for Equity Indexed Annuities, for C-3 Phase One risk based capital for interest rates, C-3 Phase Two for variable annuity guarantees, and other studied by the American Academy of Actuaries and Canadian Institute of Actuaries .
Monte Carlo has been applied to guarantees on segregated funds by Mary Hardy using a regime switching approach [#!kn:HardyNAAJ2001!#]. Error bounds for this model or related ones can be calculated with discrepancy. Low Discrepancy Methods or Quasi-Random Monte Carlo can be combined with that model for analyzing insurance problems such as variable annuity guarantees including reserve and capital requirements.